Historical Notes on the Architecture of Italian Confraternities

By Francesco Lucantoni

Historians of architecture have always drawn a distinct line between civic and religious architecture. Although this separation allows for easier classification of the vast heritage of architecture, it is not adequate for analysing certain realities…

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Description

Historians of architecture have always drawn a distinct line between civic and religious architecture. Although this separation allows for easier classification of the vast heritage of architecture, it is not adequate for analysing certain realities that, by their very nature, fall between the two categories. An example of this is confraternal architectural production that developed extensively, in a variety of forms and environments, in the Catholic world from the thirteenth century to the present. As lay institutions with religious aims, confraternities gave birth to a special type of architecture, distinctive because of its combination of lay and religious elements, and because it was not restricted to sacred buildings. This architecture presents a complexity and an originality borne out of the close relationship to its various devotional aspects and, above all, to the social-charitable role played by these organizations.

Notes

Original publication: Lucantoni, Francesco. “Historical Notes on the Architecture of Italian Confraternities.” Confraternitas 17 (2): 2010. 3-27. DOI: 10.33137/confrat.v17i2.12506. This material has been re-published in an unmodified form on the Canadian HSS Commons with the permission of Iter Canada / Confraternitas. Copyright © the author(s). Their work is distributed by Confraternitas under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. For details, see creativecommons.org/licenses/.

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      AND r.access=0
      AND r.state=1
      AND a.object_name='publication'
      AND a.object_id=1850
      GROUP BY r.publication_id, r.id
      ORDER BY r.ranking
      LIMIT 10)) AS k
      ORDER BY ranking DESC
      LIMIT 10
  76. SELECT COUNT(jos_item_watch.id) AS count
      FROM `jos_item_watch`
      WHERE `jos_item_watch`.`item_id` = '1850'
      AND `jos_item_watch`.`item_type` = 'publication'
  77. SELECT m.id,m.title,m.module,m.position,m.content,m.showtitle,m.params,mm.menuid,e.protected
      FROM `jos_modules` AS `m`
      LEFT JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm
      ON mm.moduleid = m.id
      LEFT JOIN jos_extensions AS e
      ON e.element = m.module
      AND e.client_id = m.client_id
      WHERE `m`.`published` = '1'
      AND `e`.`enabled` = '1'
      AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= '2025-04-21 03:22:44' )
      AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= '2025-04-21 03:22:44' )
      AND `m`.`access` IN ('1','1','4')
      AND `m`.`client_id` = ''
      AND (`mm`.`menuid` = '' OR `mm`.`menuid` <= '' )
      AND `m`.`language` IN ('en-GB','*')
      ORDER BY `m`.`position` ASC,`m`.`ordering` ASC
  78. SHOW FULL COLUMNS
      FROM `jos_publication_versions`
  79. SELECT *
      FROM jos_publication_versions
      WHERE publication_id='1850'
      AND state = 1
      ORDER BY version_number DESC
      LIMIT 1
  80. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_users'
  81. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_register'
  82. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_menus'
  83. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_content'
  84. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_categories'
  85. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_collections'
  86. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_events'
  87. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_blog'
  88. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_forum'
  89. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_support'
  90. SELECT extension_id AS id,element AS "option",params,enabled
      FROM `jos_extensions`
      WHERE `type` = 'component'
      AND `element` = 'com_kb'
  91. UPDATE `jos_session`
      SET `data` = '__default|a:10:{s:15:\"session.counter\";i:7;s:19:\"session.timer.start\";i:1745205760;s:18:\"session.timer.last\";i:1745205763;s:17:\"session.timer.now\";i:1745205763;s:24:\"session.client.forwarded\";s:14:\"18.118.105.173\";s:8:\"registry\";O:23:\"Hubzero\\Config\\Registry\":2:{s:7:\"\0*\0data\";O:8:\"stdClass\":1:{s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"session\";}s:9:\"separator\";s:1:\".\";}s:4:\"user\";O:17:\"Hubzero\\User\\User\":1:{s:5:\"guest\";b:1;}s:11:\"tracker.sid\";s:32:\"ff9e9a865d17fa4d81ff0002a23a4004\";s:12:\"tracker.ssid\";s:32:\"ff9e9a865d17fa4d81ff0002a23a4004\";s:12:\"tracker.rsid\";s:32:\"ff9e9a865d17fa4d81ff0002a23a4004\";}',`time` = '1745205765',`ip` = '10.233.94.22'
      WHERE `session_id` = 'ff9e9a865d17fa4d81ff0002a23a4004'
  • onAfterInitialise — Method — plgSystemLanguageFilter::onAfterInitialise → /app/plugins/system/languagefilter/languagefilter.php:186
  • onAfterInitialise — Method — plgSystemP3p::onAfterInitialise → /core/plugins/system/p3p/p3p.php:21
  • onAfterInitialise — Method — plgSystemRemember::onAfterInitialise → /core/plugins/system/remember/remember.php:20
  • onAfterInitialise — Method — plgSystemHubzero::onAfterInitialise → /core/plugins/system/hubzero/hubzero.php:21
  • onAfterInitialise — Method — plgSystemXFeed::onAfterInitialise → /core/plugins/system/xfeed/xfeed.php:21
  • onAfterInitialise — Method — plgSystemSupergroup::onAfterInitialise → /core/plugins/system/supergroup/supergroup.php:113
  • onAfterInitialise — Method — plgSystemReferrerpolicy::onAfterInitialise → /core/plugins/system/referrerpolicy/referrerpolicy.php:21
  • onAfterRoute — Method — plgSystemJquery::onAfterRoute → /core/plugins/system/jquery/jquery.php:21
  • onAfterRoute — Method — plgSystemSpamjail::onAfterRoute → /core/plugins/system/spamjail/spamjail.php:21
  • onAfterRoute — Method — plgSystemIncomplete::onAfterRoute → /core/plugins/system/incomplete/incomplete.php:21
  • onAfterRoute — Method — plgSystemUnconfirmed::onAfterRoute → /core/plugins/system/unconfirmed/unconfirmed.php:21
  • onAfterRoute — Method — plgSystemUnapproved::onAfterRoute → /core/plugins/system/unapproved/unapproved.php:21
  • onAfterRoute — Method — plgSystemPassword::onAfterRoute → /app/plugins/system/password/password.php:21
  • onPublicationAreas — Method — plgPublicationsQuestions::onPublicationAreas → /app/plugins/publications/questions/questions.php:31
  • onPublicationAreas — Method — plgPublicationsReviews::onPublicationAreas → /app/plugins/publications/reviews/reviews.php:33
  • onPublicationAreas — Method — plgPublicationsShare::onPublicationAreas → /app/plugins/publications/share/share.php:31
  • onPublicationAreas — Method — plgPublicationsSupportingDocs::onPublicationAreas → /app/plugins/publications/supportingdocs/supportingdocs.php:31
  • onPublicationAreas — Method — plgPublicationsUsage::onPublicationAreas → /app/plugins/publications/usage/usage.php:56
  • onPublicationAreas — Method — plgPublicationsVersions::onPublicationAreas → /app/plugins/publications/versions/versions.php:31
  • onPublicationAreas — Method — plgPublicationsForks::onPublicationAreas → /core/plugins/publications/forks/forks.php:31
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsQuestions::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/questions/questions.php:54
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsReviews::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/reviews/reviews.php:77
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsShare::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/share/share.php:48
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsSupportingDocs::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/supportingdocs/supportingdocs.php:55
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsUsage::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/usage/usage.php:79
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsVersions::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/versions/versions.php:55
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsGooglescholar::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/googlescholar/googlescholar.php:27
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsOpengraph::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/opengraph/opengraph.php:27
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsDublincore::onPublication → /app/plugins/publications/dublincore/dublincore.php:27
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsForks::onPublication → /core/plugins/publications/forks/forks.php:54
  • onPublication — Method — plgPublicationsJsonld::onPublication → /core/plugins/publications/jsonld/jsonld.php:27
  • onWikiParseText — Method — plgWikiParserdefault::onWikiParseText → /core/plugins/wiki/parserdefault/parserdefault.php:75
  • onContentPrepare — Method — plgContentLoadmodule::onContentPrepare → /core/plugins/content/loadmodule/loadmodule.php:35
  • onContentPrepare — Method — plgContentEmailcloak::onContentPrepare → /core/plugins/content/emailcloak/emailcloak.php:25
  • onContentPrepare — Method — plgContentPagebreak::onContentPrepare → /core/plugins/content/pagebreak/pagebreak.php:35
  • onContentPrepare — Method — plgContentXhubtags::onContentPrepare → /core/plugins/content/xhubtags/xhubtags.php:25
  • onContentPrepare — Method — plgContentFormatwiki::onContentPrepare → /core/plugins/content/formatwiki/formatwiki.php:63
  • onContentPrepare — Method — plgContentFormathtml::onContentPrepare → /core/plugins/content/formathtml/formathtml.php:105
  • onContentPrepare — Method — plgContentExternalhref::onContentPrepare → /core/plugins/content/externalhref/externalhref.php:41
  • onAddIndex — Method — plgSearchSolr::onAddIndex → /core/plugins/search/solr/solr.php:56
  • onContentSave — Method — plgSystemContent::onContentSave → /core/plugins/system/content/content.php:23
  • onPublicationSub — Method — plgPublicationsRecommendations::onPublicationSub → /app/plugins/publications/recommendations/recommendations.php:56
  • onPublicationSub — Method — plgPublicationsRelated::onPublicationSub → /app/plugins/publications/related/related.php:49
  • onPublicationSub — Method — plgPublicationsGroups::onPublicationSub → /core/plugins/publications/groups/groups.php:49
  • onPublicationSub — Method — plgPublicationsWatch::onPublicationSub → /core/plugins/publications/watch/watch.php:49
  • onPublicationSub — Method — plgPublicationsForks::onPublicationSub → /core/plugins/publications/forks/forks.php:111
  • onAfterDispatch — Method — plgSystemMobile::onAfterDispatch → /core/plugins/system/mobile/mobile.php:22
  • onAfterDispatch — Method — plgSystemLanguageFilter::onAfterDispatch → /app/plugins/system/languagefilter/languagefilter.php:554
  • onAfterDispatch — Method — plgSystemDebug::onAfterDispatch → /core/plugins/system/debug/debug.php:60
  • onAfterDispatch — Method — PlgSystemHighlight::onAfterDispatch → /core/plugins/system/highlight/highlight.php:25
  • onAfterRender — Method — plgSystemSef::onAfterRender → /core/plugins/system/sef/sef.php:21